Enterprise in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endeavor practically speaking - Essay Example These models can be utilized by and by so as to survey the reasonability of an open door under explicit economic situations. The first of these models, the SWOT investigation, gives a nitty gritty perspective on the interior and the outside condition of the association. SWOT examination centers around the distinguishing proof and the assessment of the organization’s qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers (Earley et al. 2000). The two first components of SWOT investigation, for example the qualities and shortcomings allude to the inside hierarchical condition; in resistance, openings and dangers mirror the organization’s outside condition (Adler et al. 2008). ... al conditions; in addition, auxiliary information depicting the organization’s outer condition would be likewise utilized (for example, factual information alluding to the exhibition of the business wherein the association works or the patterns of the specific business in regards to explicit business choices, for example mergers and acquisitions); it would be ideal that the data alluding to the organization’s outer condition is applicable to the open door the feasibility of which has been set under assessment; for instance, if the advancement of a vital partnership between a particular association and a notable association of its industry is arranged, at that point the presentation of comparative key choices inside the specific business would be analyzed; an elective strategy for creating thoughts, alongside the utilization of SWOT examination, would be the center gatherings, which would offer the accompanying preferred position: through the open conversation on a progr ession of significant issues, thoughts could be created concerning the open door under assessment; b) moreover, the thoughts producing through the above procedure †or forms, on the off chance that that both the procedures proposed above are utilized †ought to be deliberately saved, so as to be additionally prepared; the utilization of a scratch pad would be valuable guaranteeing that the thoughts producing will be not in chance †alluding to the likely loss of thoughts in the event that they are put away in a database/PC got to by third people, c) at the following level, the PEST investigation (Political, Economic, Social and Technological variables) would be utilized so as to distinguish extra dangers in the organization’s outside condition; PEST investigation alludes to various components of the organization’s outer condition and hence it ought to be utilized alongside SWOT

Comparing Notebook and Desktop Computers :: Compare Contrast Computer Essays

Looking at Notebook and Desktop Computers PCs are one of the most well known sorts of electronic gadgets on the planet today. Regardless of whether child or grown-up, male or female, everybody needs to figure out how to work the PC. Individuals use PCs for various purposes, for example, composing papers, making sites, making introductions, perusing on the web, messing around, and so forth. Truth be told, numerous individuals are as yet befuddled about picking what sort of PC they need to purchase. On the planet today, there are two sorts of PCs: scratch pad/PC and work area. The two of them are in reality totally different in a few different ways. In this paper, I will think about the size, availability, force, and cost of scratch pad and work stations. I can make these correlations since I have both a note pad and a PC in my condo. Size is one of the significant worries for individuals who need to purchase a PC. A scratch pad/PC will in general be littler than a PC. This makes the scratch pad more helpful to use than a work station. Due to the size, the segments, which are worked inside a scratch pad, are generally little also. Parts of a PC comprise of: microchip, memory, plate drivers, motherboard, sound card, input/yield port, and force flexibly. Additionally, journals appear to be lighter than PCs. This likewise has a very effect for the clients. A note pad's weight will be around 10 pounds or less. On account of this weight, scratch pad can be brought anyplace without any problem. Numerous individuals use note pads for business purposes so they can bring their note pad all over. Then again, a work station's weight is in excess of 20 pounds. Along these lines, personal computers are utilized by individuals who remain at home more often than not. Other than that, a journal is worked as a fixed PC. As such, all the segments used to construct a note pad can't be changed if something is broken, or all the segments can't be overhauled as a client wants. Then again, a work station is by all accounts less muddled than a scratch pad since all the parts inside the personal computer can be changed as the client wants. In view of these changes, a PC has more memory limit than a scratch pad. Other than size, availability is additionally a significant perspective so as to work the PCs accurately. The availability that I mean is a web association. There are a few segments that are utilized to associate the PCs to the web, for example, modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), remote, and so on.

The USA Patriot Act Should be Amended Free Essays

Each rational individual would concur with the declaration that what happened on September 11, 2001 is to be sure a catastrophe for the American open. With this sadness came the mindfulness and dread that fear mongering has become a worldwide predicament. In accordance with such occasions, the US government drove by President George W. We will compose a custom paper test on The USA Patriot Act Should be Amended or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Bramble Jr. started a full scale war against fear based oppression (worldwide war on dread). The last called for measures inside and outside the United States that would as far as anyone knows take action against psychological militant gatherings and protect national security (Ahmed, 268). The principle administrative measure utilized is through the USA Patriot Act. The said Act expanded the forces of U. S. law requirement organizations for the referenced reason for overcoming psychological oppression locally and abroad. For instance, the demonstration expands the capacity of law requirement organizations as far as reconnaissances (electronic, clinical, movement or money related records and so forth). As the Max Brenn reports, the USA Patriot Act: â€Å"†¦furthered remote knowledge assembling inside the United States; extended the authority of the US Secretary of Treasury to manage money related exchanges including outside elements; and allowed a significant level of carefulness of law authorization and migration experts in keeping and extraditing foreigners associated with psychological warfare related acts. † (Brenn, 2007) The term â€Å"domestic terrorism† was likewise remembered for the meaning of fear based oppression in the said Patriot Act, this implies the activity of power of law authorization offices secured a bigger extent of exercises. This paper attests that the US Patriot Act ought to be altered because of its dubious approaches, the overwhelm it gives administrative offices (I. e. the SNL), and the contrariness of a portion of its arrangements with the American constitution. Further, it must be noticed that regardless of being corrected last 2006, a great deal of arrangements (even those that are for all time specified) keep on damaging common freedoms; with in any event two arrangements of the said demonstration previously being esteemed to be unlawful. In addition, the USA Patriot go about as it is doesn't meet the criticalness it had in 2001, as such it request to be in accordance with its motivation, it must be corrected in understanding to the requirements within recent memory. In the first place, it has been contended that the said law encroaches the privilege of people as far as security just as fair treatment just as giving an excessive amount of capacity to the FBI, CSI and so on. This is exemplified by the arrangements in the Patriot demonstration that takes into consideration postponed if not with held court orders. This goes to state that law requirement officials have the approval to lead â€Å"sneak and peek† look, wherein the proprietor or individual concerned are not pulled out nor is requested consent with respect to a pursuit. Besides the case the NSLs (National Security Letters) are considered to be utilized to get archives including phone, email, budgetary and even library records (which are all esteemed as private) without the best possible endorsement of a legal court. It is further the situation that a large portion of the open records which the Federal Bureau of Investigations obtains entrance also should be secured by the fourth amendment of the constitution and also administered by customer organization/institutional/proficient benefit. Further, on the side of the contention that the Patriot Act encroaches common freedoms, we may survey the present decisions of specific courts. Take for instance, last September 6, 2007 the modified Patriot Act was held by U. S. Area Judge Victor Marrero as hostile to the basic standards maintained by our constitution. A progressively current hit to the said law is the decision of a government judge that at any rate two arrangements of the Patriot demonstration are illegal last September 26, 2007. This is again concerning the warrantless ventures and procurement of records through the NSL which are in direct infringement of the fourth amendment. The constitution is the essential wellspring of the laws that administers the land. In its present express, a few parts of the Patriot Act are in opposition to the specifications of the constitution. Thusly, there is a need to alter the Act else, it would be invalidated for not harmonizing with the things that are maintained and shielded by the constitution. A great deal of states have just concurred that the lawmaking body negates with the crucial standards of the constitution, one of this states is Montana (Graham-Felsen, 2005). Coming up next are explicit pieces of the constitution that the Patriot Act needs to contemplate and maintain consistently. With the end goal for this to occur, the law would need to be revised. Beside the fourth amendment, the Patriot demonstration likewise should be revised so as to maintain the 6th amendment of the US constitution which guarantees the privilege of people to appropriate legal procedures. The USA Patriot Act warrants the utilization of obscure courts as in individuals associated with fear based oppressor exercises in spite of absence of adequate proof are attempted without due nearness of outside juries and appropriate documentation open to open investigation. This straightforwardly disregards the sixth amendment since it permits underground handling of suspects. There is additionally motivation to accept that US residents are exposed to observation dependent on their religion and different affiliations, an immediate infringement of one’s right to self-assurance. This is through the power given to law authorization organizations to take advantage of records of people without enough reasonable justification (ACLU, 2007). Further, Americans and workers are exposed to illegal examinations and cross examinations regardless of whether there is inadequate confirmation of these people being genuine dangers to national security. There are bothers that happen today that show the degree to which the Patriot Act is demonstrated to be a block instead of an assurance of national security. This can be seen through the episodes revealed wherein American residents are compelled to postpone trips because of their incorporation to the restricted travel backlog by only bearing a similar name as an individual suspected by the FBI or Homeland Security. One of the most noticeably awful occurrences maybe is the unfair allegation of Brandon Mayfield; whose fingerprints were erroneously coordinated with the prints found in the Madrid Train Bombings of 2004 (Molina, 2007). In any case, these defective parts of the Act can be altered to evacuate the mistakes it has. We can't deny that there is to be sure a need to protect our national security with the end goal for us to live; rights don't work in a vacuum. There are sure conditions that must be met with the goal for us to rehearse the freedoms we adore and esteem. The USA Patriot act and its unbending nature is the privilege administrative game-plan in 2001, its adequacy can be improved to accommodate our society’s post-9/11 situation. Certain arrangements like those that keep on superseding the privileges of the individuals should be additionally corrected to suit the established arrangement of our nation. A portion of the arrangements are for sure excessively intense and should be rethought and if fundamental revoked; anyway a portion of the substance of the said Act do deliver the need to shield our property from psychological warfare. It should by and by be explained that regardless of whether the creator esteems that a few arrangements ought to be canceled, it doesn't really adhere to the law completely ought to be annulled. In particular, the US congress could begin by setting the cutoff points to the utilization of NSLs by the FBI. Really this part of the Patriot Act has been demonstrated to be hazardous. As indicated by CNN. com, the White House itself communicated its anxiety with respect to this abuse of forces last March 2007 which the FBI executive around then case obligation regarding (Arena Quijano, 2007). Furthermore the reauthorization of the Patriot Act incorporates new approaches that by and by contain obscure and vague terms like, â€Å"an offense against the United States† and â€Å"reasonable grounds†. For sure the last would be critical as in the said law warrants likewise the framing of a mystery/extraordinary police power are offered capacity to capture and keep out individuals at their own tact in lieu of a â€Å"special occasion of national significance† present (Roberts, 2006). The last again is left unclear. These confinements, and the important arrangements that protect the privileges of the individuals, sensibly speaking, would be settled through a correction of the USA Patriot Act. The law needs to adjust to the need of the time on which it is assume to fill its need. The previously mentioned are tests of the arrangements of which our congress could begin exploring and changing. Life, Liberty, and the quest for satisfaction would recover its fullest significance if and just in the event that, we acknowledge the need to defend, most importantly, this nation. Works Cited Ahmed, Nafeez M. The War on Freedom: How and Why America was Attacked September 11, 2001. CA: Tree of Life Publications, 2002 Arena, Kelli and Quijano, Elaine. â€Å"Audit: FBI’s Patriot Act sneaking around disrupted guidelines. † CNN. com. Walk 9, 2007. Gotten to 5 October 2007 http://www. cnn. com/2007/LAW/03/09/security. letters/record. html. Brenn, Max. â€Å"Sections of the Patriot Act Unconstitutional-Judge. † Efluxmedia. September 7, 2007. gotten to October 8, 2007 at http://www. efluxmedia. com/news_Sections_of_the_Patriot_Act_Unconstitutional_Judge_08381. html Graham-Felsen, Sam. â€Å"Sweet Victory: Montana Acts Patriotic. † The Nation. April 8, 2005. gotten to 6 October 2007 http://www. thenation. com/web journals/edcut? pid=2311. Molina, Mike R. â€Å"Federal judge rules Patriot Act search, observation arrangements unlawful. † Paperchase news burst. Legal scholar; Legal News and Research. September 26, 2007. gotten to 6 October 2007 http://law specialist. law. pitt. edu/paperchase/

On Ageing by Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

On Aging by Maya Angelou Essay Cautioning by jenny joseph is a comical method of looking towards mature age. It is composed as a monolog inside which the writer depicts how she will carry on when she is an elderly person. In The primary refrain she discusses herself and records all the things she will do when she is old. She says she will wear the hues purple and red which are huge in the way that they are splendid conspicuous hues. The two hues conflict with one another and would not be assembled by somebody who thinks about keeping up their appearance. One of the principle subjects to this sonnet is the possibility of defying the manner in which society anticipates that you should carry on and the possibility of not adjusting along these lines she chooses to purposely say something with her appearance by wearing conflicting hues to show defiance to the possibility of everybody looking the equivalent everybody acclimating. This thought of insubordination is additionally accentuated when she says I will spend my annuity on liquor and state weve no cash for spread. She has concluded that she will be purposely troublesome and flippant. She is frantic to oppose the standards of dependable adulthood and change the manner in which she has consistently been escape from the balance of my childhood . The demonstrations she picks are innocuous and clever and she will probably pull off them as individuals will might suspect she is decrepit. The way that these things are what she needs to do later on shows that she has never done this thus she could be stating that mature age is the ideal opportunity for opportunity and to escape from the principles in the public eye. Anyway this could likewise show that she is just ready to do these things with the reason of being old. She could never feel great to disrupt the norms without having the reason of being feeble and so forth thus why she is holding up until mature age to do these things indicating that she is as yet caught in the standards of society. This shows the hidden all the more discouraging picture behind the amusingness that society doesnt take into consideration opportunity and the message of how the weight there is to adjust keeps you from acting naturally. The entirety of the lines in the sonnet run on with a speedy pace into one another mirroring the fervor and expectation for the things she discusses doing. All through she rehashes and I which additionally adds to the pace and vitality of the sonnet. The second verse itself is one long sentence in which she legitimately addresses the peruser with uplifting statements. She needs others to feel and have the option to do whatever they like without stressing over the social weights of congruity, she could be believing that in the event that everybody does this, at that point in the long run those weights won't be an issue any longer.

Women in Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ladies in Psychology - Essay Example Karen Horney kept up extra perspectives on kids and the beginning of uneasiness, allowing her regard in the mental network. This undertaking depicts the foundation of Karen Horney and features her numerous commitments to brain research. Karen Horney (1885-1952) experienced childhood in Hamburg, Germany to increasingly well-to-do, upper-white collar class guardians with a Protestant foundation. Horney’s father was a profoundly strict man and a boat chief while her mom was an increasingly liberal mastermind who elevated Horney to prevail in clinical school (Smith, 2007). This was during a period in the mid twentieth Century when ladies had not yet accomplished the option to cast a ballot, making Horney’s appearance in clinical school in 1906 a grand occasion, particularly with her attention on contemplating Freud’s perspectives on analysis (Eckardt, 2005). In the 1920’s, Horney started to challenge Freud’s perspective on manliness and womanliness, particularly in regions of sexual turn of events and sexual nature. She started to condemn Freud’s viewpoint in which he accepted that ladies felt sub-par compared to men since they didn't have a penis (Eckardt). Horney felt this was an uneven viewpoint, loaded with manly narcissism, which reliably made predisposition against ladies during therapy. After some time, Horney redeveloped Freud’s see on female sexuality and made another format by which ladies are evaluated: One in which the nonappearance of a penis no longer turned into the apparent establishment of women’s inconveniences. It could be said, in view of the women’s testimonial developments happening during this timeframe, Horney figured out how to free ladies when being broke down for mental examination as more than just the result of manly jealousy. Sigmund Freud established the framework for huge numbers of the perspectives on the time in regards to tension and the advancement of constructive character characteristics. Throughout the years, Karen Horney redeveloped the perspective on uneasiness by proposing that tension isn't

7005 Example

7005 Example 7005 â€" Assignment Example > Topic: 7005April 7, 2012. Qs 1. Discuss the BLIP EPI method presented in Module 1 in detail. How does it work? (7 marks)Echo planar image (EPI) sequences data collection has different ways of comparing with sequences in standard pulse. One of them is phase encoding in EPI which has a constant gradient in phase encoding. The other method is BLIP which is normally applied at every end of read out gradient in short durations. EPI is an imaging method that is fats and flexible. It has good contrast and therefore has a potential of being applied in many clinical situations like brain imaging. EPI does not produce multiple echoes by using RF pulse. It utilizes quick switching gradients to produce echo train. In EPI the frequency of the encoding gradient moves from positive to negative and ends up creating echoes that are odd and also even (Lu et. al, 2009)In FSE every refocused echo in EPI makes one line in K- space. The gradient either positive or negative read changes the direction of reading the line. BLIP which is a phase makes a new line to be sampled by causing a shift in Ky. The encoding gradient in blip phase does not change in amplitude. There is only a single excitation and there is no 1800 RF pulses in between echoes. The large phase gradient that occurs before the readout starts is the BLIP. In order to make a shift from one row to another a DKy is required which is a comparison of a small kick. This is the same change that occurs in TR in spin echo sequencing. Every echo is affected by encoding gradients that are next to it, either previous or the one immediately before it (Lufkin, 1989). Echo planar is superior to conventional in investigations of the human physiological processes in the body. It has an ability of reducing the motion artifacts and the scan time. This is because in EPI a single RF pulse acquires multiple lines of K space. In EPI BLIP is used to encode phases. It is normally applied inb very small amplitudes by putting in signal in K and a new line is recorded. In EPI, shares in every line of k-space read both positive and negative gradient and this result to changes in direction. BLIP is applied when the read out gradient is at zero. In K space every echo is acquired in a reverse line and before an image is reconstructed an alternative line in K-space must be recorded. The following echoes are affected by BLIP and thus the necessity of a large negative phase gradient for encoding before the start of read out. Due to the fact that the pre-phase gradient is large, the K-space in the signal is kicked to the edge. In pre phase the read gradient kicks the signal to the right and left side in the K-space while kick signal to in the upper and lower directions. Spin echo EPI excites the signal by 90 and then refocuses the signal by 180 RF. The in EPI flips the spine by not more than 90 RF and the gradient in the prophase must be closer to the RF pulse.

Personal Experience Essay Help from Skilled Scholars Round the Clock!

Personal Experience Essay Help from Skilled Scholars Round the Clock! Personal Experience Essay Help from Skilled Scholars Round the Clock! The main purpose of writing a personal experience essay is to share an appealing experience from your life, to teach the reader a lesson or simply to provide useful information. But sometimes this type of essay turns out to be an overwhelming task for many students. At first sight, it may seem an easy task because it is their personal experience and no one can talk about it better. But on the other hand, it’s so difficult to talk about yourself and to be objective. If you feel stuck with writing this assignment and no one can help you with that, feel free to ask.com for assistance! Our top-notch writers are ready to help, whenever you need them! Writing a Personal Experience Essay Basically, this type of essay follows a common structure of all essays. But you have to keep in mind, that an essay on personal experience focuses on what you have gone through, the impact these events had on you, the main theme is a situation that you consider crucial to your development as a person. And when you start, all you need is just a pen, a sheet of paper, your wit, wisdom and the desire to be open and to share. The Subject. Start with picking a subject that you think will be interesting. Maybe you want to tell about your first job experience, your first serious relationship or a defining achievement? Or maybe you would like to tell about something that was really embarrassing? Explain why you picked this topic and how you want to approach the subject. Your choice may be based on the season or simply on events that triggered this particular memory. Define the emotional tone: ironic or funny, wise or sad. The Story. Tell the story itself, tell it like an anecdote. Write actual scenes. Begin with background events that led to the main event, end with the outcome of what has happened to you. Add your own impressions and what you have learned. The story should sound personal and strike a chord with anyone reading it. The Experience. Different people have a different experiences. Not all of them are suitable for everyone. So if you want your essay to be a valuable read for everyone, try to think of something that many people can relate to. Ordering Personal Experiences Essays Online! Everyone’s life is full of different events, but don’t be sad, if you don’t find anything worth telling about or anything useful. The proficient writers here at.com will do it for you! Their essay writing experience is enormous and they will know, what to talk about. They will relieve you from academic pressure and save your time. You are only one click away from a flawless essay written by the best writers you will find online! Order your personal experience essay or assessment essay  here at.com and enjoy your good grades and careless studying!

Sociological Perspective On Individual And Societal Success

Taylor Gowen 03/08/15 Sociology Essay Exam 1) Describe the sociological perspective. Provide examples of what it does and does not look like. Discuss why a sociological perspective to individual and societal success. The sociological perspective is a when human behavior is observed and its connection to society as a whole is shown (Henslin 3). There are three factors that influence human behavior. This includes symbolic interactionism where we use symbols or face-to-face interactions to communicate with others. People attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols (Henslin 12). An example of symbolic interactionism is waving hello to a person. This is a gesture, showing†¦show more content†¦Think about putting a child through school. The child gets the education needed provided by the state, in return we pay for taxes to the state to keep the education funded. The significance of functionalism is it keeps everything balanced. When schools run out of money t he budgets must shrink and activities would be cut to balance out the lack of funds. The last factor is conflict theory in which there is a competition for scarce resources (Three Major Perspectives in Sociology). Sociological perspective invites us to look for the connections between the behavior of individual people and the structures of the society in which they live (Henslin 17). The sociological perspective is a particular way of approaching a phenomenon common in sociology, by applying all three factors that have been discussed. It involves maintaining independence, not by stripping oneself of values, but by critically evaluating and testing ideas, and accepting what may be surprising or even displeasing based on the evidence. (Henslin 18). The sociological perspective often assumes that â€Å"official† explanations are incomplete or self-serving. It involves a conscious effort to go beyond the obvious and question what is accepted as true or common sense. This is impo rtant because common-sense assumptions are usually based on very limited observation. Moreover, the premises on which common-sense assumptions are based are seldom examined. †¨The sociological perspective

Does Religion Imply Morality - 1321 Words

Does religion imply morality? Not exactly, according to research. Contrary to popular belief, non-religious persons are not evil and do have morals. In fact research shows that people associated with no religion may be more moral than those who are religious. Furthermore, the irreligious do good deeds for the sake of being a good person, while religious people tend to do it for recognition or because someone or something tells them to. The origin, the truth, and the perpetuation of this stereotype are all important in understanding why this stereotype still continues in our modern society today and why it should be eradicated. The birth of this myth came with of course, the start of religion. Professor and author Frans De Waal states, â€Å"Human morality is older than religion†¦ Our current religions are just two or the thousand years old, which is very young and our species is much older, and I cannot imagine†¦ our ancestors did not have some type of morality† (Morality without Religion, â€Å"Big Think†). He then goes on to say that as time went on and the population grew larger that our ancestors probably installed these religions to keep everyone in check when they could not. And with this outbreak of religion came new standards and rules that everyone was expected to follow and punishment for anyone who did not. Most religions look down upon those who do not believe, or even believe in a different religion. Those â€Å"non-conformists† were seen as a threat, and so they were made to beShow MoreRelatedDiscussion of the View that Morality and Religion are Linked Essay583 Words   |  3 PagesView that Morality and Religion are Linked The view that morality and religion are linked together implies that it is God who dictates to us humans whatever is moral. Therefore, any action dictated to humans to carry out by God is morally right or acceptable. Looking from this point of view, morality would be based on unchangeable laws and this view is deontological because it based on golden rules and does not lookRead MoreAs Clearly And Carefully As You Can1326 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Voluntarists and non-voluntarists have had intense debate on the issue of religion and morality. The underlying central argument of the debate is whether the morality requires a religious foundation or not. While the voluntarists claim that morality does require a religious foundation, non-voluntarists assert that it doesn’t. David Brink and George Mavrodes argues with this theme of voluntarist and non-voluntarist. My essay will largely focus on the strengths and weakness of both voluntarists andRead MoreMorality And Religion : Morality985 Words   |  4 PagesMorality and Religion: a Response to Does Morality Need Religion (Prompt 1) Some people believe our life is based off of morals, a belief of right/justification or wrong/ unjust. Living this way perceives their ways of the world by doing what they feel is good or bad or what is lead by their conscience regardless of religion. Others believe in religion, a feeling or act of faith, from God or â€Å"gods† ( Merriam-Webster). These acts motivated by faith and God/ â€Å"gods† provide a comprehension betweenRead MoreNietzsche: Human, All Too Human973 Words   |  4 Pagesrealized that all human beings wrestled with certain difficulties and existentialist in life that is all apart of being human. Many of Nietzsche’s work was determining and distinguishing the desire to know the struggles of life anywhere from ideas, religion, species, science, thought, and many more. Nietzsche also believed that once something died that something else comes into its existence and replaces the old with the new. This idea is profound and heavily influenced with how things work in natureRead MoreThe Moral Argument1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is no risk of their being caught? There are many formulations of the moral argument but they all have as their starting point the phenomenon (fact) of moral conscience. In essence the moral argument poses the question: where does our conscience, our sense of morality come from if not from God? It also asserts that if we accept the existence of objective moral laws we must accept the existence of a divine law-giver. It is an argument therefore which infers the existence of God from the empiricalRead MoreThe Morality in Medieval England from The Millers Tale by Chaucer635 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Millers Tale† in the Canterbury Tales provides insight into the morality of people of medieval England by showing the Miller’s views on religion, heroic ideals, and common morality. Religion at this time was defined by a religious code outlined in the Bible and the ten commandments. Even though all men were expected to live by these laws, those closely related to the church, like Absalom, were expected to never break from these codes. Heroism involved a set of ideals that were meant to guideRead MoreThe Text Euthyphro By Plato990 Words   |  4 Pagesto understand is whether the pious or holy is blocked by the gods because it is holy, or because it is blocked by the gods (cf. pg. 31); 10a. This refers back to the Devine Command Theory and civil religion. Civil Religion is defined as a mixture between religion and cultural relativism. Civil Religion is an alternative version of  the Divine Command Theory that declares that God s stipulations correspond to an individual culture. The Devine command theory is defined as an action being morally rightRead MoreControversy Between the Existence of God Essay example1451 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov† by Fyodor Dostoevsky made a famous claim that establishes the link between the existence of God and morality. Apart from the controversy related to the scope of the quotation, the discussion on the proper trans lation and interpretation of the words of Ivan Karamazov. For instance, in his article â€Å"Dostoevsky did not say it† D.Cortesi claims that Dostoevsky did not make such claim (Cortesi 1). However, the research by Russian-speaking authors shows that the original textRead MoreThe Security Vs. Freedom955 Words   |  4 Pageslimitation to the preservation of morality, just as there are none in the prevention of treason, since both are imperative to a society. This assumes that the state should have unlimited power when it comes to preventing acts against the society. The debate between security and freedom however, shows that this is not an undisputed fact. Without picking a side, it is still evident that just because something is perceived as being mandatory for a society’s continuation, it does not ostensibly indicate thatRead MoreCan Science Explain And Account For Human Morality?1011 Words   |  5 Pagesaccount for Human Morality? Introduction Morality has long since been a topic of debate, with hundreds of branches to the ever-expanding argument. One area of debate is that of science’s power to explain and account for the history of Human morality. In the question: â€Å"Can Science Explain and Account for Human Morality?† we also have another question: â€Å"Is the foundation of morality natural, or supernatural?†. In this question, there is a dichotomy between the origin of morality being scientific

Reconstruction Of Reconstruction During The Civil War

Describe and analyze Reconstruction. Did Reconstruction have any successes? The end of civil war in the United States of America brought about many problems, in particular for the South. Some of the problems were political, economic decay and social disorder. The war destroyed the plantations and crops thus causing many to starve to death while others became homeless. The reconstruction became the only hope for the people. Radical reconstruction began in 1867, which enabled the freed black men to have a voice in the government. Before the civil war, the Southern state had enacted laws that suppressed all African American. This fact angered many people from the North who were seeking to end slavery. Therefore, during the reconstruction era, the black people wanted their voices to be heard. The restoration process began with small plans that were put forward by President Lincoln as well as President Johnson. The two president’s main aim was to combine the confederacy with the unions (Flanagan). This fact was called the presidential reconstruction. The Republicans were put into office to ensure that the freed people’s rights were protected as well as to make sure that America was united. The civil rights act was passed and the southern state began to follow the rule. The Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Act that would ensure that the federal authorities could be able to protect the freed citizens. However, even with the introduction of such laws the African Americans wereShow MoreRelatedReconstruction During The Civil War966 Words   |  4 Pages Reconstruction is a time period after the Civil War ended in 1877. We view it as something that resembles a transformation, shifts in the southern U.S. after the Civil War. This was when slavery inequality, some political, economic, and social issues were, in some ways, balanced. The categories of issues that arose throughout this â€Å"restoration† were aspects such as involving the Confederacy into the Union, abolishing along with figuring out what to do with our free blacks, and addressing conflictRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1487 Words   |  6 PagesReconstruction was the period when America was figuring out on issues pertaining to who was an American, what rights an American should enjoy and what rights other Americans were exercising. The post bellum period was a period after the civil war that had affected the United States of America. This conflict had mostly taken place in the south and therefore the people there were the for the most part affected by this warfare. After the civil war, racism was still a threat and a struggle for the nationRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War972 Words   |  4 PagesThere was a transformation period after the Civil War called the reconstruction during the years 1863 to 1877. The reconstruction was the rebuilding of the United States, mainly in the South. There were three major types of reconstruction, which were political, physical, and social. The political reconstruction allowed some African Americans to vote; however, they had to be literate in order to take the Oath test. Not many African Americans knew how to read and write, because they were slaves andRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction The United States went through many changes after the Civil War and during the Reconstruction period of 1866-1877. Before Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on December, 1863, by John Wilkes, Lincoln announced the first Reconstruction plan a year before the Civil War had ended and Lincoln offered general amnesty to white southerners who would pledge an oath of loyalty to the government and accept the abolition of slavery. During the summer of 1865, Johnson not long after he took officeRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War864 Words   |  4 PagesIn hindsight it is sometimes claimed that Reconstruction was a failure. Although there was some good that came out of the Reconstruction it was mostly just a relentless uphill battle against Southerners and immoral politicians that were here to delay change and keep racism alive. Reconstruction brought the Ku Klux Klan who displayed great resistance, and poverty that swept the South once the blacks were freed. The freedom of these black slaves led to discriminatory legislatures such as the BlackRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1892 Words   |  8 PagesReconstruction Over the course of America’s existence, it has acquired many successes and failures. Over time there have been a large number of accomplishments that have made the world a greater good, but there have also been phases of turmoil and tragedy. The Reconstruction period after the Civil War is a prime example of a complete failure. The Reconstruction period consisted of many goals and ideas that Americans planned to achieve in their country after being torn apart from the Civil War.Read MoreThe Reconstruction Era During The Civil War1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era beginning in 1865 marked the period where white men and recently freed African Americans quarreled over the concept of equality on the basis of race as well as where freedom extended to. After the Civil War, there was a power struggle between the Republican and Democratic parties as they had extremely distinct ideas on whether African Americans should be free and hold citizen rights. African Americans were able to achieve citizenship as well as have equality through the 14thRead MoreThe Era Of Reconstruction During The Civil War1630 Words   |  7 Pageswas imposed by the white people. This contradiction is emblematic of the African-American experience. The era of reconstruction was a short-term success, a medium-term failure, and a foundation for the long-term successes of the civil rights movement in terms of black freedom. The era of reconstruction exposed the radical limits of freedom for natural born citizens in the post-civil war United States. The idea of freedom changed in a tremendous way for the blacks. I would like to begin by askingRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era During The Civil War910 Words   |  4 Pagessports, and many other things. The Reconstruction Era took place after the end of the Civil War. It lasted from 1965 to 1977. It was the North’s way of making peace with not only former slaves, but the South as well. The Reconstruction Era attempted to better the lives of African Americans by making advancements in education and religion. The 15th Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. 105 African American colleges were created after the Civil War. While life was progressively gettingRead MoreOutline Of The Reconstruction During The Civil War1041 Words   |  5 Pages1. Statement of Topic: What topic will you be researching for your final project? African Americans 2. Events Event 1: 1877 to 1945 Event: Reconstruction When: 1870 – 1877 Where: In the United States History, the reconstruction history Period followed the adjustments after the civil war. Who: After the end of the civil war, the south was completely ruined. The physical destruction was enormous. The Old social and economic order that was foundered on slavery collapsed completely.

Eating Disorders Are A Serious Issue People Face - 914 Words

Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a serious issue people face in our society. A study put on the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Involved 9,282 individuals. In this study, they resulted in 0.9% of women and 0.3% of men are suffering from anorexia nervosa,1.5% of women and 0.5%of men are suffering from bulimia, and 3.5% of women and 2.0% of men are suffering from binge eating. Anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating all differentiate but are detrimental to bodily functions. In which case there are certain classifications that qualify them as degrading bodily health. Anorexia nervosa is the lack of loss of appetite; an emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. Most cases of anorexia†¦show more content†¦Anorexia is often associated with bulimia nervosa. Bulimia is an eating disorder where one eats a large quantity of food and feels shameful and guilty so they try to get rid of the food consumed through vomiting, purging , or fasting. 5% of women who are bulimic are also diabetic. Among 50 women who are bulimic control their weight 100% by vomiting, 95% by dieting, 85% excessive dieting, and many other ways. (table 1) Table 1: Percent of weight controlling techniques that 50 women surveyed use. (Hudson) As close as bulimia and anorexia are linked, they are significantly different in body imaging and body weight. Both usually start with a traumatic issue happening in their lives. Bulimia and anorexia are both crucial towards one’s health and slowly make the human body worse and worse. Internal and external bodily functions start to slow down or develop illnesses. (table 2) Table 2: Anorexia nervosa (A) and bulimia nervosa (B) symptoms. (Hudson) Binge eating disorder is the consumption of large quantities of food in a short amount of time. This is often referred as compulsive overeating. While being a binge eater, one becomes obese. In addition to weight gain, binging can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, fatigue, joint pain, type II diabetes, and heart disease. Treatment of binge eating with automatic word processing and self-hypnosis, American Journal ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Anorexia1456 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, there are over 24 Million people that suffer from eating disorders.   What is an eating disorder though?   The simple definition of this disease is that a person exhibits abnormal eating behaviors.   There are many different variations to these disorders bu t they share many of the same characteristics such as: fear of becoming obese, obsession with thinness, food, weight, and even calorie counting.   OfRead MoreA Deadly Disorder : Bulimia Nervosa1259 Words   |  6 Pages A Deadly Disorder: Bulimia Nervosa Somewhere across the globe there are children waking up with empty stomachs, scavenging for any scrap of food they can find. For some people in America though, ironically enough, there are those who purposefully do not eat, or push back up what they have eaten. Women and men in the American society are influenced by a beauty ideal so powerful that has taken peoples lives through starvation, despite being surrounded byRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Women s Body Image1242 Words   |  5 Pages The influence of the media on all aspects of culture and society has been a issue around the world. One of the social cultural aspects particularly influenced by the media is body image. A surprisingly large number of individuals, the majority of which are young women, develop their body image in with the ideas advanced by the media, which judge women’s attractiveness based on how thin they are. Body-image plays a very important role in our individualistic society. Modern beauty image standardsRead MoreGlobalization of Eating Disorders1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe Globalization of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a huge problem across the nation. Some of these disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia-nervosa, binge eating, and body dysmorphic disorder. Anorexia is a disorder in which subject obsesses about food and how much they eat, while a Bulimic person eats an excessive amount of food, then purges. People affected by these disorders are obsessed with food however; they do not want the calories, so they eat as much as they can, then throw itRead MoreEight Typical Treatments For Binge Eating Disorder Essay953 Words   |  4 Pagestreatments to address medical issues, psychological issues, and nutrition. Some treatments target specific groups such as women, men, children, and college students. This article gives an overview of 8 typical treatments for binge eating disorder. 1. Individual, Group, and/or Family Psychotherapy: Three Types Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on addressing a persons current thoughts and behaviors about himself. Either in group or individual settings, therapists help people learn to identify distortedRead MoreNegative Body Image Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesskinny?† â€Å"I really need to stop eating so much†, and so on. The girl has never really thought about her body in these ways; she has felt neutral about it until now. She looks down, cautiously grabbing at her stomach in the same way that the other girls are. Later, when she goes on social media, she begins noticing how flawless celebrities are and how perfect their bodies seem in comparison to hers. Her mind begins swirling with thoughts. Body image, eating disorders, and their effects plague AmericaRead MoreThe Biggest Loser : Are They Really?1586 Words   |  7 Pagesidentity, and as a result, eating disorder stats are going up. Many women have suffered, are suffering, or will suffer from an eating disorder. In some cases this is from genetic or unknown reasons but in many cases it has to do with the pressure our society and specifically our media puts on woman. Therefore women who aren t as exposed to mainstream media are less likely to develop an eating disorder. A study done in â€Å"a region of Fiji where only one case of an eating disorder had been reported, [andRead MoreThe Effects Of Anorexia Nervosa On The Human Body1406 Words   |  6 Pagescondition and is also considered an emotional disorder categorized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. Anorexia is found in all people, male and female of any age and in some cases can be life threatening. The reason Anorexia and all eating disorders in general are important to study is because they are a significant part of society. Eating disorders also hold the title of the highest mortality rate of any mental illness. Therefore, more people are dying of ED’s each day. The main causeRead MoreAnorexia nervosa, a medical condition defined by an abnormal or pronounced lack of appetite, has1700 Words   |  7 Pagesand impact. Anorexia nervosa is a major eating disorder that disrupts everyday life, resulting in extreme thinness, hormonal imbalances, behavioral signs, and health issues that can lead to death. While the disease strikes across all gender, races, and classes, the victims affected are typically young, healthy, and attractive women of successful families. The average girl affected usually ages between thirteen and nineteen years old (Landau 3). This disorder has increased rapidly over the last tenRead MoreAnorexi The Body And The Psyche Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pag esAnorexia is a kind of dietary issue, those who have an extraordinary dread of putting on weight. They seriously restrict the measure of what they eat and can turn out to be thin. Anorexia influences both the body and the psyche. Anorexia is an intense dietary issue, especially on the off chance that it is joined by co-happening psychiatric and addictive clutters. Like bulimia anxious and other dietary problems, anorexia is a medicinal malady that can bring about irreversible wellbeing complexities

Admissions to Montclair State University Free Essays

â€Å"By learning you will teach, by teaching you will learn†. This is a Latin proverb that has echoed in my mind when I experience the joy of sharing my knowledge and whenever I feel the urge to search for answers to my endless questions. Early in life I have developed a keen interest in the field of biology. We will write a custom essay sample on Admissions to Montclair State University or any similar topic only for you Order Now My fascination to know how living things survive, reproduce, and change in time led me to ask questions, read books, perform observation, and view documentary shows about science. I could vividly recall spending my childhood leisure hours in the garden to observe the different species of butterflies, how a caterpillar transform into pupa and later into an adult butterfly. Then, in my high school freshman days, I performed a five week experiment to determine how plants grow. This experiment has further awakened my interest as I learn to test the quality of the soil, and the right amount of water, light and temperature to sustain the life of the plants. My endless quest for knowledge has led me to search for answers through the use of various sources of information. Whenever I have found the answers to my nagging questions, I could not resist sharing the information to my family, friends and classmates. The satisfaction that I have gained in imparting my knowledge is immeasurable. I enjoyed the exchange of ideas, the transfer of knowledge, and the acquisition of new knowledge. There is joy in seeing their faces light up as they understand and appreciate what I was discussing. All these experiences have confirmed my interest to be an educator in the field of biology. I decided to major in Biology as I believe that the study of life is the most important subject in the world. The field of biology deals with the meaningful and profound knowledge of the existence of all living things. Studying life and the processes involved in sustaining it goes beyond the teaching of evolution. For me, biology allows me to explore the world as I study nature closely and understand the diversity of life. However, it is not sufficient to gain knowledge of the subject matter. What would matter most is how students would learn through self discovery while teachers keep their goals in mind and allow room for improvement. This is an area that I need to learn as I have observed some of my classmates regard biology as a subject that often require memorization of scientific words related to classification and phylum. By pursuing an Education degree major in Biology in Montclair State University, I would learn about educational strategies and classroom management in order to keep students engage in their task, awaken their interest about the life on earth, and link their activities to the understanding of biological concepts as they acquire scientific knowledge. In addition, I intend to be committed in an experimental research or independent project so I could contribute to the field of Biology. As a high school student in (write the name of your school), I have acquired a 3.050 cumulative GPA. I have received the William P. Orr scholarship for Fall 2007 and was given an award for being an active member in the SSS Star Program in the Spring of 2007. After completing my Bachelor degree in Education, I intend to teach high school junior and senior students while pursuing a graduate study. I also aim to get a doctorate degree in the same field so I can teach college students. Although I plan to study continuously while I am teaching, my passion to educate the learners will not begin and end with acquiring knowledge and earning degrees. My passion is focused in teaching the unknown and in facilitating the students’ understanding on the benefit of learning biology as applied to their daily life. I strongly believe that with my determination to succeed together with MSU’s excellent program, diverse faculty and student body combined with the individual attention of a small college, I will become an effective teacher who is deeply committed to serve the community of learners. How to cite Admissions to Montclair State University, Essays

Self Efficacy and Business

Question: Discuss about theSelf Efficacy and Business. Answer: Introduction: Self efficacy can be defined as ones confidence in his or her own ability to face certain challenges in specific situations. Everyone has goals in life or may have at a certain point in life. Therefore there is need for one to have self believe in tackling specific issues in order to achieve ones objectives effectively. The most beautiful thing in believing in oneself is that it gives a person the morale to push on until the ultimate goal is reached or rather achieved. Self efficacy plays a key role in determining how we tackle and face our duties to bring out fruitful end results. Self efficacy and business may mean successful entrepreneurship and a greater economy after all. The issue of risk taking in business portrays clearly that there is no space for individuals with low self-esteem and those that lack the act of confidence. Business personalities with high levels of self efficacy will relatively set high level goals in their organisations hence achieving more and giving their businesses a chance to thrive and a better reputation. Such individuals are highly competitive and always find themselves in the winning side in the field of business. On the other hand people with low levels of confidence dont tend to think big and their goals are always of low level. These people dont go far and their achievements are shot lived. Highly confident people achieve greater thing as their minds are expansive and they think broad. These people achievements are long lived and sometimes they are used as referrals for their future performance. This is a greater tool in bus iness management. In literature review on self-efficacy, Albert Bandura and Edwin Locke stated self efficacy is a powerful determinant of job performance. In business self efficacy always goes hand in hand with sober mind smart brains. One would wonder if self efficacy is an entrepreneurial skill. I would say it is highly required value for business men who dream of being successful. How will it help one to be successful? Dont dream impossibilities or otherwise you may turn out to be a day dreamer. The confidence discussed means being realistic and setting achievable goals. A wise entrepreneur will set goals that are within his reach at specific period of time or season. This way an individual being driven by the spirit of self efficacy he or she gains the courage to face challenges and tackle all the tasks subject to attaining the set goals. Such individuals set examples to other low esteemed colleagues. Self efficacy is a motivation tool in any business organisation. If one believes in his ability to tackle specific tasks he will definitely go for whatever he believes he can achieve. Such aggressiveness in most cases will bear positives results and such kind of employees end up being rewarded beautifully by their employers for good performance(Drnovs, Wincent, Cardon, 2009). As a result of this other employees will tend to copy the behaviour of hardworking employees for the also to enjoy the sweet fruits self efficacy. This will generally improve the performance of the whole organisation. When an employer sets difficult goals for employees it may lead them to develop high levels of self efficacy. According to Locke and Latham, setting difficult goals communicates confidence. Researchers have found that self efficacy is a construct constituting of goal and beliefs that play a big role when setting up a business. Most researchers were motivated by the urge to provide a definition to self efficacy and the role it plays on the process of starting up a business. Qualitative research has been used by authors as this is the study of a human behaviour. Finally self efficacy is a co value that should be encouraged and adopted in all human activities whether economical or social as its benefits are countless and they all have positive response to human nature and the world. People with self efficacy are the most productive hence have a great contribution to development of their countries as while as economies. This is a topic that all academic systems should adopt especially at the basic level of education(Psychologists, 2008). The importance of this is because young children are easier to learn and accept this valuable behaviour. Once this topic is introduced in schools our children will grow with high levels of self esteem and a strong believe that no matter what they are capable of great things in life. Many of people who never made it in life would blame those who were elders while they were growing. They never put confidence in them. Children deserve congratulatory phrases whenever they do something good. This motivates them and gives them the urge to do even better. Kids who grew with self efficacy will produce the most responsible citize References Drnovs, M., Wincent, J., Cardon, M. S. (2009). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business start-up: developing a multi-dimensional definition. journal of entreprenuerial self-efficacy, 20. Flood, M. J. (2012). Mentoring and Self-efficacy in Female Undergraduate Business Students. Psychologists, N. A. (2008). Self-Efficacy: Helping Children Believe They Can Succeed. A resource for parenting positive kids, 4. University, C. (2006). The Relationship Between Self Efficacy, Project Leadership Outcome and Future Intentions to Engage in Organizational Business Process Improvement Opportunities: A Survey Analysis. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest.

Analyse How National and Local Guidelines free essay sample

Stay safe Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well being The LSCB also works hand in hand with local agencies to produce policies and procedures for safeguarding and promoting the welfare and safety of children in London Borough of Redbridge. Raise awareness of safeguarding issues in the community by conducting seminars with a designated safeguarding officer in all Redbridge schools. Monitor the success of the work that is done by the local agencies to guarantee that all practitioners and managers within a specific borough have a clear understanding of safeguarding procedures, policies and requirements. To identify multi agency success where there are concerns with regards to safeguarding issues. To assist with the recognition of training needs and requirements across the children’s workforce. In order to protect and keep children and young people safe from harm and abuse, each Borough in London has its own safeguarding management team which is responsible for promoting good practice and developing links in all areas regarding the safety and well being of children and young people. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse How National and Local Guidelines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Within childcare practice we must be aware that we have a clear and defined role in relation to child protection. Professionals working with children/young people i. e. teaching assistants, volunteers, outside agencies are CRB checked (criminal records bureau). Adults working with children should also be fully trained in safeguarding children by a nominated safeguarding adviser and have the opportunity to receive training in order to develop their understanding of the signs and indicators of abuse or neglect, this training is offered every 3 years. In order for child protection to work effectively we must ensure we have good inter relationships with other agencies and good cooperation from professionals that are competent in responding to child protection situations. A procedure for recording concerns and incidents if a child discloses information that concerns his/her welfare; we must make a record of exactly what the child has said in their words and report it to a safeguarding officer, ensuring that these records are kept confidentially and separated from pupils records. Guidance on confidentiality and sharing; the head teacher or safeguarding officer will only disclose personal information concerning a child to other members of staff on a need to know basis, however all staff must be aware that they have a responsibility to share information with other agencies. If a child or young person does disclose information to a member of staff and ask that that information remains ‘a secret’, it is vital that the member of staff tells the child/young person sensitively that they have a duty to transfer information to the appropriate agencies in order for other children to be safeguarded.

Joy Luck Club Essays (568 words) - Chinatown, San Francisco

Joy Luck Club In the novel "The Joy Luck Club" by Amy Tan, the ignorance, the disregard of, and the necessity of love are all introduced as the characters tell their life stories and memories. The characters in "The Joy Luck Club" take love for granted. By ignoring love, concentrating more on material possessions, and hiding their true identities, the characters don't realize love's importance. One character that takes love for granted is Harold, Lena St. Clair's husband. This occurs when Lena leans over to him in their car and states "I love you." He responds by asking Lena a question about his car, which seems to be more important to him than his relationship with her. Harold does not realize the importance of love. He only thinks about material possessions. Since Harold does not revealing his true nature, he reveals that he has a lack of love for himself as an individual. The love you have for yourself is a necessity in life because it provides self-respect; if one respects oneself, one will respect and love others. The story of Lindo Jong provides insight into the concept of revealing your true nature. To "keep everything inside" as does Lindo Jong, provides for not being able to experience love to its fullest. Lindo Jong hides "under a red marriage scarf" in attempt to shield herself from the outside world. Her "hiding under the scarf" demonstrates that to be able to love, you must be able to first reveal your true nature. Ying-Ying St. Clair stands as an example of the desire to remain hidden as she says, "All these years I kept my true nature hidden, running along like a small shadow so nobody could catch me." The image of the shadow relates directly to the red marriage scarf. They both attempt to provide the concealment of their true natures, because the result of revealing your true self may be that of "pain". The importance of love goes unnoticed as the characters take love for granted and expect it to naturally come to them. The ceasing of taking love for granted does occur later and has its results and consequences. The characters realize that they are taking love for granted when they feel meaningless and uncomfortable, and stop doing so by either ending the relationship or confronting the problem. By not taking love for granted and realizing "there's absolutely nothing left to save" in her marriage, Rose Hsu Jordan recognizes that she must divorce her husband. Rose Hsu Jordan does not feel comfortable with her life and feels that she is living under false pretences. She comprehends that she is not what she continually pretends to be. Therefore, she stops taking love for granted and ignoring it, and instead moves on to a better, more comfortable life with a feeling of being needed. Lindo Jong compares love to a hill and as to heaven. This hill symbolizes the steps that she must take to truly attain love and enter heaven, her comparison to happiness and a comfortable lifestyle. Love proves hard to attain but Lindo Jong learns to embrace it and accept it as best she can. The "pained feeling" at the "beginning of love" provides insight into the revelation of the true nature of the character. This pained feeling, the lifting of the scarf or the shadow, opens the door to the true nature of the character. This love provides better understanding and a better love of your own character. It makes the people more comfortable with themselves and makes them feel important, needed, and loved. Bibliography Joy Luck Club . Amy Tan. 336 pages. IVY books NY.1989

History of the Intelligence Community

History of the Intelligence Community The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is believed to have been brought into existence by the challenges of intensification and expansion of the Cold War between 1950 and 1960. However, several factors such as the need to gather, produce and disseminate intelligence information as well as support for military’s special activities led to the formation of intelligence bodies in the early 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on History of the Intelligence Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is worth to point out that the US intelligence began with the formation of the republic. The latter was widely used in the late 19th century by General George Washington’s spy rings and agents through a secret correspondence. It also gathered and analyzed intelligence information on the movement of British forces. T he early 20th century saw the establishment of the Justice Department o f Bureau of investigations in 1908 that later expanded to domestic intelligence (Finley 1995, 310). Nonetheless, it lacked the capability to provide foreign intelligence that was critical for supporting military operations and shaping policies. Brown and Rudman (1996, 118) observe that when the First World War began, the US government had realized poor coordination of its intelligence system. The German and British intelligence units were so sophisticated that the US had to rely on the intelligence of the latter to declare war against Germany. The authors note that due to the gap â€Å"the first U.S. signal intelligence agency was formed within the Army†¦ and the agency was charged with decoding military communications and providing codes for use by the U.S. military† (Brown and Rudman 1996, 216). This was later made a State Department after the First World War. It worked with other intelligence bodies (such as the Justice Department Bureau of Investigation).  There wa s growing aspiration by the US government to gather more intelligence on events that were taking place before the beginning of the Second World War. Hence, President Franklin Roosevelt used Human Intelligence to gather information regarding the activities of the Italian dictator Mussolini and the developments in Britain. By 1942, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) were formed â€Å"to coordinate and develop methods of subterfuge and covert warfare† (Brown and Rudman 1996, 29). The former was significant in providing intelligence capacity required to support the US fighters.Advertising Looking for critical writing on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Cuban missile crisis and the Iraq War on WMDs share vast similarities and differences. It is worth noting that just before the onset of the war against Iraq in 2003, the agenda for the conflict went beyo nd Iraq’s possession of WMDs (Finley 1995, 192). The former Washington deputy Pentagon chief Paul Wolfowitz outlined that President George Bush’s team had agreed to address the problem holistically. The main agenda would be to dislodge President Saddam Hussein from power because he was alleged to be a direct actor in the manufacture of WMDs. In addition, Saddam Hussein acted as a clear platform for supporting terrorism across the globe (Finley 1995, 197). The war on Iraq was further justified through intensive demand to liberate the Iraqi people. Therefore, Operation Iraq Freedom was carried out by a combined force of the US and UK troops without the consent of the United Nations (Krizan 1999, 65). Hence, the aftermath of the war was not put into consideration at all. It is also crucial to mention that â€Å"the intelligence agencies knew so little about Iraq’s nuclear plans†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Finley 1995, 329). The latter was apparently a major setback in the inte lligence gathering system of the US authorities. References Brown, Harold, and Warren Rudman. 1996. Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. West Port: Greenwood Publishing Group. Finley, James. 1995. U.S. Army Military Intelligence History: A Sourcebook. New York: U.S. Army Intelligence Center. Krizan, Lisa. 1999. Intelligence essentials for everyone. Washington DC: Books for Business.

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Global Warming - Essay Example It was referred to carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, exhilarant gas, freon gas, etc. During the intergovernmental conference in Madrid in 1995 UN proclaimed global warming to be a scientific fact. Nevertheless, nowadays there is a big number of respectable scientists denying the threat of global warming and proving such a large-scale problem to be just a great mystification, or at least an exaggeration. The theory of global warming comes down to the opinion that the increase of concentration of carbon dioxide in the air would necessarily cause the atmospheric temperature rise, earth surface and water warming. The defenders of this theory consider anthropogenic factor to be its main peculiarity. A huge amount of factories, plants, automobiles inject carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which causes a number of cataclysms around the whole world. Earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, tornados, and many other natural disasters may be considered as a consequence of global warming. The theory of global warming gained its worldwide notoriety on account of former vice president of the US Albert Gore. After the defeat at election in 2000, he directed his efforts to public activity connected with the investigations of global warming. In 2007 he was awarded with two Oscars for his film An Inconvenient Truth, illustrating previously unknown facts about global warming. This film turned to have a huge impact on the attitude towards this problem. Gore received a Nobel Prize for environmental protection and the research of climate change issue. His name turned to be a synonym of the protection of nature and global warming control. One more thing he managed to receive was the positive public image. Nevertheless, the theory of global warming has faced a lot of criticism. A great number of scientists deny the influence of CO2 on temperature. A famous American climatologist

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example This paper is bringing a report on how marketing solutions assist a brand for its productive and sustainable growth in the market. The report will imply marketing models of analysis and the frameworks that could help launch a selected product in a feasibly selected market. The product selected is â€Å"solar energy systems† which are proposed to be launched in the demanding UAE. The aim here is to apply marketing concepts in order to enable the successful launch of the selected product. The first section of the report will bring the constructive UAE market analysis and the second will imply marketing strategies for enabling successful establishment of the product. The objective is to build the prospect for the brand and its product, by applying all possible successful marketing schemes. With the 2020 scenario, UAE is looking out to revive its business industry. There is a multiple level of governmental plans to make the place a hub for business establishers. The trend of industrial and business growth is massive and at the great numbers as quoted by modern day researchers in UAE. This is showing a rise of demand in the power sector where there are thoughts circulating to bring alternate energy solutions, which are efficient, economic and to the most environmental safety. The need of the market is extensive as the bulk number of offices, production facilities, and factory warehouses are currently operational in UAE. They are requiring efficient power generating systems, systems that could cut the cost, meet the demand and ensure environmental safety. Initiatives are already there to find the most workable alternate energy systems. This to cut dependency on natural gas power generation, that is expensive and much effort taking. Apart from all, it has been assessed that electricity consumption in UAE is far much at the greater rates than in Europe, North America or Asia. In this alarming state, the most workable

Risk management is of vital importance in islam and takaful

Risk management is of vital importance in islam and takaful ABSTRACT Risk management is of vital importance in Islam and Takaful provides a way to manage risks in business according to SharÄ «ah principles. This research paper attempts to identify various types of risks involved in Takaful business that affect operational and investment functions of Takaful operators across the globe and finds the ways to manage those risks effectively. However, takaful operators often face difficulty in managing market and credit risks as SharÄ «ah compliant nature of Takaful contract does not allow Takaful companies to deal with interest rate and financial derivatives that have been unanimously considered repugnant to SharÄ «ah by Islamic jurists. This research identifies Islamic financial instruments like cooperative hedging and bi-lateral mutual adjustment that aim at providing mutual gains to both parties by the way of risk sharing and can be used as an alternative to conventional derivatives. The research paper attempts to provide a framework to enhance risk management culture among Takaful operators. It also discusses the challenges that need to be encountered to enhance risk management practices among Takaful operators. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Many Muslims misunderstand the concept of fate. For some Muslims believe that the future is in the hand of Allah, where they are facing with fatalistic mentality by putting themselves in the doctrine, whether one is rich or poor, happy or sad, it is fated by Allah. It is a good dealing with luck. In fact, efforts and prayers should precede this kind of belief† (Iqtisad Al-islamy, 2003). For a long time, same misconceptions have been associated with insurance. Muslim scholars and Islamic jurists have treated insurance illegal, haram and repugnant to SharÄ «ahwithout providing an alternative solution to Muslim Ummah. As a result of these prevalent misconceptions, any effort or risk management strategy to insure the assets or life has been considered against the fate and will of Allah. In Islamic financial planning, Takaful is a way to reduce the financial risk of loss due to accident and misfortunes (Iqtisad Al-islamy, 2003). As a matter of fact, Takaful plan is an alternative to the insurance in the conventional financial planning. In Takaful plan, the participant would pay particular amount of money as contribution (known as the premium) partly to risk fund (the participants special account) using the concept of tabbaru (donation) and partly to another party (known as Takaful company) with a mutual agreement that, the kafiil (Takaful company) is under a legal responsibility to provide for the participant a financial protection against unexpected loss, should it happen within the agreed period. The focus of this research paper is to identify various types of risks associated with Takaful business and devise criteria for managing risks and enhancing risk management culture among Takaful companies. It also discusses challenges to risk management in Takaful. RISK MANAGEMENT â€Å"Risk is the chance of happening of something that will have an impact upon our objectives. It is measured in terms of likelihood and consequences† (GOWA, 2002). Traditionally, concept of risk has been associated with uncertainty of events in future. Higher the uncertainty of events, higher is the risk. In insurance, risk is the amount of loss associated with property or life. Risk to property can be a loss or damage to car, building, house, etc. Risk to life can be described as poor health, premature death, bodily injuries as a result of accident etc. (Rejda, 2006; p.23). Risk management is a process that identifies loss exposures faced by an organization and selects the most appropriate techniques for treating such exposures(Rejda, 2006; p. 63). According to New Zealand standard of Risk Management, â€Å"It is the culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects†. In fact, risk management is an ongoing process that encompasses all aspects of our life. RISK MANAGEMENT UNDER SHARIAH Risk traditionally means possibility of meeting danger or suffering, harm or loss (Iqtisad Al-islamy, 2003). Risk is an element of life in this world for being ignorant of the future. It is also factor of investing that one should take time to understand prior to selecting any specific investment instruments or any new adventures. Muslims are asked to work hard in order to be able to change their conditions as obvious in the verse of Holy Quran, †¦ Verily never will Allah change the condition of a people until they change it themselves (with their own souls)†¦ (Quran 3:11). However, it is true that only Allah knows ones future and fate, Muslims should strive to achieve the goodness in this world and the hereafter. Submission to Allah, of course, has a positive effect on human behavior. For it will lead to peace and contentment. Undoubtedly, one has to submit every single thing to Allah, but it supposes to be after his hands stretch out to do the best effort as he can, to ch ange himself, so that he would be able to manage and to cope with unforeseen calamities or misfortune. Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him once asked a Bedouin who had left his camel untied, Why do not tie your camel? the Bedouin answered, I put my trust in Allah the prophet then said, tie up your camel first then put your trust in Allah( Sunan al -Tirmizi, vol.4, No. 2517, p. 668). This conversation depicts not only how should Muslims accept their fate but it also indicates how do Muslims reduce the risk of loss and calamities. Quran has presented stories of the previous prophets so that Muslims can take the lessons from their experiences. The story of the prophet Joseph, for instance, tells us about financial planning. The story of Prophet Yaqub, Josephs father, tells us about the management of risks as Yaqub commanded his sons to enter Egypt from different gates. Quran states, Further he said: O my sons! Enter not all by one gate: enter ye by different gates. Not that I can profit you aught against Allah (with my advice): None can command except Allah: On Him do I put my trust: and let all that trust put their trust on Him (Quran 12:67). The history of the prophets migration to Madinah gives us other lessons on how the Prophet (SAW) managed the risk. The Prophet reduced the risk of getting killed by asking Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to sleep in his bed during the night of emigration. It was reported that as night advanced, the Quraish posted assassins around the Prophets house. Thus they kept vigil all night long, waiting to kill him the moment he left his house early in the morning, peeping now and then through a hole in the door to make sure that he was still lying in his bed. All these above examples depict that risk management is in the roots of Islam. We, as a Muslims, should put our trust onto Allah only after meticulous planning and best utilization of all the available resources. NORMS OF ETHICS Obaidullah (2002, pp.2-4) has identified norms of efficiency and ethics for SharÄ «ahbased risk management in a business contract. These norms are also applicable to Takaful contract and are briefly described as follow: Each party in Takaful contract should be free to accept the terms and conditions of the contract and no coercion is imposed on any party. Takaful contract should be free from element of ‘riba (interest) that is prohibited by Shariah. One of the major objections on the contract of conventional insurance by SharÄ «ahscholars is element of ‘riba in its investments for which it is considered illegal and unIslamic. There should be no uncertainty or ambiguity about the nature of contract. Excessive uncertainty is not permissible in Shariah. For example, SharÄ «ahscholars disallow conventional insurance contract where no party clearly knows how and from where the insured amount is to going to be paid in case a loss or catastrophe occurs to the insured. There should not be any element of gambling in Takaful contract. It means that Takaful contract should not be aimed at getting a huge advantage at the cost of others. Rather, participants should have sincere intention of helping each other in case of loss or catastrophe from a joint fund. Contribution amount for participants should be adequate and fair and should be determined by actuaries and approved by SharÄ «ahscholars. Takaful customers (participants) should have equal access to adequate, accurate and timely market information related to Takaful products and companys performance where they want to contribute their money. Rights of any third party should not be adversely affected by Takaful contract between two parties. It means Takafulcontract should not be detrimental to any third party. There should be unrestricted public interest in Takaful products and its business contract which should work for the benefit of people at large. TYPES OF RISKS IN TAKÄ€FUL BUSINESS Business industry is prone to a number of risks. Five types of risks in business (Basel, 2006; IAIS, 2004) have been identified that are relevant to Takaful business. First two types of risks (underwriting and operational risks) are directly related to operations of Takaful company while remaining three (credit, liquidity and market risks) are associated with the investment activities of the company. i. Underwriting Risk: Underwriting risk is pertinent to insurance and Takaful. It occurs due to adverse selection of applicants or due to re-Takaful risk as a result of inability of re-Takaful operator to meet the obligation towards ceded company under re-Takaful agreement (IAIS, 2003; pp.32-33). Adverse selection refers to the tendency of selecting applicants that result in higher than average chance of loss (Rejda, 2006; p. 45). The risk of adverse selection arises when applicants with higher than average chance of loss succeed in obtaining Takaful coverage at standard rates e.g. high risk drivers or persons with serious health problems. It results in higher claim ratio and put the firm on high liquidity constraints. Re-Takaful risk occurs as the ceded company remains liable for a portion of outstanding claim to the extent re-Takaful operator fails to provide financial protection to Takaful operator in accordance with agreed terms. Both adverse selection and re-Takaful risk hamper the firms underwriting capacity; disturb the cash flow pattern and hence affect the stability of the profits of the company. ii. Operational Risk: Operational risk is not a well defined concept , yet Basel Report (2006, p.144) defines it as a loss that occurs as a result of inadequate or failed internal processes, people, technology or from external events. Internal processes failure occurs (Ahmed Khan, 2001; pp.29-30) as a result of inaccurate processing of transactions, inefficient record keeping, violating operational control limits, non-compliance of regulations etc. people risk may occur due to incompetence of employees, fraud and failure to perform the duties. Technology risk may arise as a result of telecommunication system or computer network breakdown. Risks from external events include unenforceability of regulatory policies, legislation and regulations that affect the fulfillment of contracts and transactions in the organizations. These risks are also called legal risks and are considered a part of operational risks. iii. Credit Risk: Credit risk occurs a result of default of counterparty when it fails to meet its obligations in time and in accordance with agreed terms (IAIS, 2004; p.14). In case of insurance, credit risk may be treated as default risk, migration risk, spread risk or concentration risk. Default risk occurs when Takaful operator does not receive or partially receive cash flows or assets to which it is entitled because the other party fails to meet the obligations of the contract. Migration risk occurs when probability of a future default of an obligator adversely affect the contract today. Spread risk occurs due to market perception of increased risk on either macro or micro basis. Concentration risk is the result of increased exposure to losses due to concentration of investments in a particular geographical area or economic or industrial sector. Takaful industry is also exposed to these risks. iv. Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk is the risk resulting from Takaful companys inability to meet its obligations (i.e. claims payments and maturity price of policy) when they fall due. This risk occurs because the company has insufficient liquid assets or high level of liabilities (IAIS, 2004; p.18). Liquidity risk includes liquidation risk, affiliation investment risk and capital funding risk. Liquidation value risk is the risk under circumstance when assets are liquidated below their real (market) value. Affiliated investment risk is the risk that investment in an affiliated or member company might result in drain of financial or operating resources. Capital fund risk is the risk that insurance company will not be able to outsource funds in case of large claims. Takaful industry, just like conventional insurance company, faces similar types of liquidity risks. v. Market Risk: Market risk is the volatility of prices in instruments and assets of Takaful company in the market. It can be classified as equity price risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and commodity price risk (IAIS, 2004, p.12). Equity price risk is the risk of loss resulting from changes in market price of equities or other assets. Interest rate risk is the risk of loss resulting from changes in interest rates that adversely affect the cash flows of the insurance company. Currency risk is the risk of loss resulting from volatility of exchange rates that adversely affect the operations of insurance company. For a Takaful company, it does not include interest rate risk, however Takaful operators are exposed to mark up price risk as avoidance of interest based transactions is distinctive feature of SharÄ «ahcompliance. MANAGING RISKS All types of risks in Takaful require specific risk management strategy and need to be managed on individual basis. i. Underwriting Risk Management: Underwriting risk can be managed by establishing standard selection procedure consistent with the companys objectives. Most of the Takaful operators require physical inspection or medical reports of the applicants that have serious health problems or prone to higher than average risk. Some have introduced computerized underwriting system to standardized underwriting procedure and minimizing the chance of adverse selection. For example, Takaful Ikhlas Sdn. Bhd. of Malaysia uses computerized underwriting procedure for motor Takaful where applicants who meet standard requirements are automatically selected for Takaful. Others are rejected or alternatively are offered higher contribution rates for the extra risk. To minimize re-Takaful risk, Takaful operator can evaluate the financial strength of re-Takaful operators in the region and diversify the risk geographically by making arrangements with more than one re-Takaful operator. ii. Operational Risk Management: Management of this risk is more complex as it arises from failure of internal processes, people, information system breakdown and non-compliance with regulatory standards (Ahmed Khan, 2001; pp. 38-39). Senior management and board of directors of Takaful company should devise policies and develop strategies to manage and reduce operational risks. Sources of operational risk (i.e. people, processes and technology) should be handled carefully. This raises the importance of corporate governance culture in the organization. Given the newness of Takaful industry, computer software available for conventional insurance might not be appropriate for Takaful industry. This calls for recruiting talented professionals in the field of informational technology so that they could develop software to meet peculiar needs of Takaful industry. Independent external auditors can also play an important role in mitigating operational risk as they point out flaws in internal processes of the organization. T his calls for proper disclosure of activities and independent and secure reporting system. iii. Credit Risk Management: Under conventional insurance system, credit exposure limits are established within companys investment policies to mitigate and manage default risk, migration risk, spread risk and concentration risk as discussed under credit risk. Usually, following credit exposure limits can be established for insurance company investment and credit activities (IAIS, 2004; pp.16-18). Internal and external rating of counterparties Limit on maturity of credit facility (prefer short term credit over long term credit) Limit on maximum investment amount or a certain percentage of investment exposure to a single issuer, industry, geographical region or some other risk classification. Prohibition of interest does not allow Takaful companies to investment in interest-based instruments (Chapra and Khan, 2000). Moreover, Takaful companies do not have access to credit derivatives that are considered effective instruments for credit risk mitigation. Yet Al-Suwailem (2006; pp.67-68) argues that futures and Option contracts result in losses for more than 70% of the time and hence such instruments are considered as factors of loss, not of gain. The non-availability of Islamic derivatives raises the importance of internal control mechanism for Takaful operators which ensures that credit risk exposures are maintained within limits of prudential standards defined by internal controls. iv. Liquidity Risk Management: IAIS Report (2004, p.20) identifies two approaches in order to hedge liquidity risk that are also applicable to Takaful industry. These are: Cash flow modeling Liquidity ratios Cash flow modeling is done in order to assess the amount of deficit, surpluses or liquidation value risk in order to meet the needs of Takaful industry. Takaful operator should make sure that it has sufficient liquid assets in order to meet liquidity risk and unexpected liquidity requirements. Use of liquidity ratios will help Takaful operator to set the amount of liquid assets required to meet demands of liability portfolio, desired level of liquidity ratio will also help in determining Takaful operators investment policies. Capital funding risk could be mitigated by setting contingency plans and drawing cash from re-Takaful policies. This form of liquidity hedging could be recognized by knowing current level of liquid assets in hand to meet Takaful operators investment policies. In order to identify and evaluate liquidity risks, Ahmed and Khan (2001, p.38) emphasize the need of adequate internal control and proper disclosure of information in the organization. Towards this end, it is essential to have regular independent reports and internal audit function should periodically review the liquidity risk management process. v. Market Risk Management: In conventional insurance, management of market risk includes devising strategies to manage interest rate risk, exchange rate, and commodity price risk as well as equity price fluctuations. Takaful operators are not involved in interest based transactions so they do not face this risk. However, KIBOR (Karachi Inter Bank Offered Rate) can be used as bench mark for markup in Islamic financial institutions in their financing activities. Conventional institutions manage the market risk using financial derivatives such as futures, forward, option or swap contracts (Chapra Khan, 2000; p.55). Takaful operators face difficulty in managing market risk as these financial derivatives are not compatible with SharÄ «ahin the eyes of Islamic scholars. However, according to Al-Suwailem (2006; pp.118-126), cooperative hedging and bi-lateral mutual adjustment are acceptable instruments under SharÄ «ahto mitigate currency risk and interest rate risk respectively. Additionally, Takaful operators could apply stress tests and Value at Risk (VaR) techniques to mitigate commodity price risk and equity risk. Stress testing is one of the risk management tools that can be employed to assess the vulnerability of portfolios to abnormal shocks and market conditions. Value at Risk is the probability of portfolio losses exceeding some specified proportion. ENHANCING RISK MANAGEMENT CULTURE Cultivation of risk management culture is extremely important to form a robust and resilient Takaful industry in Pakistan. This objective, however, could not be achieved without active participation and collaboration of regulatory authorities, senior management of Takaful companies and members of SharÄ «ahSupervisory Board (SSB). Towards this end, regularities authorities should make sure that stress testing and Value at Risk (VaR) reports as identified above are regularly produced and obtained from senior management of Takaful operators in addition to reports of Takaful risks. Regular review of these reports will greatly facilitate the regulatory authorities as well as Takaful operators to enhance risk management practices in Takaful industry. Moreover, effective implementation of internal control and corporate governance system could prove to be of vital importance to Takaful operator as well as to concerned regulatory authority. It will help the authorities in effective monitoring of Takaful activities and managing different types of risks hence enhancing the functioning of Takaful operators in the industry. Figure 1 shows the steps for effectively manage the risks in Takaful business. In the first step, possible risks in the way of Takaful business are identified. In the second step, strategies are developed to cope with and manage the risks effectively. In the third step, process of identification and strategy formulation and implementation related to each type of risk is examined through review reports and effective measures are taken to counter any flaw or discrepancy in the previous process. CHALLENGES TO RISK MANAGEMENT In spite of effective risk management techniques discussed above, there are certain challenges in the way of risk management for Takaful. i. Internal Controls: Internal controls are indispensable for recognizing and assessing risks faced by financial institutions including Takaful companies. Basel Committee (2005) and IAIS (2006a) reports have focused on the importance of internal controls for banking institutions as well as for conventional insurance companies respectively. Chapra and Ahmad (2002) found that existence of effective internal control have prevented the financial institutions from systemic crisis and enabled them to have early detection of problems and associated risks they might face in future. These experiences highlight the importance and need of internal controls for Takaful companies. Unique nature of these companies from conventional insurance demands the fulfillment of SharÄ «ahaspects. IFSB and IAIS joint working group (2006) maintains that to have effective internal control mechanism, Takaful companies must ensure SharÄ «ahcontrols in addition to all statutory regulations. It urges the need of a regularSharÄ «ahaud it as a part of an on-going internal control system. ii. Corporate Governance: The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities of the Board, manager, shareholders and other stakeholders (OECD Report, 1999) yet effective corporate governance ensures the independence of board of directors (BOD) who in turn devise polices and implement strategies for risk management and hold the management accountable to shareholders (Psaros and Seamer, 2002; p.7). Lack of an effective corporate governance framework hampers the independence of board of directors (BOD) and hence poses a challenge to risk management. It in turn increases the operational risk which might result in failure of operations due to inability of BOD to implement unbiased and independent decisions for the best interest of all stakeholders. Takaful companies are confronted with an additional challenge related to corporate governance of SharÄ «ahSupervisory Board (SSB). Grais and Pellegrini (2006b) identify corporate governance issues that affect their role and fun ctioning in the organizations. It calls for a greater need to incorporate corporate governance culture to overcome related issues of Takaful industry. iii. SharÄ «ahBased Challenges: According to Ahmed Khan (2001), most of the risk management techniques are not applicable to Islamic financial institutions due to the requirements of SharÄ «ahcompliance. It creates SharÄ «ahbased challenges to risk management for Takafulcompanies as well. These challenges arise as SharÄ «ahrestricts the use certain instruments that are considered useful in conventional risk management e.g. derivatives (futures, options, swaps etc.) and sale of debts. Al-Suwailem (2006, pp.89-90) argues that SharÄ «ahconstraints to human behavior do not hinder creativity, rather these constraints are the major driving force behind the creation of innovative financial instruments. He suggests several Islamic financial instruments for risk management and concludes that SharÄ «ahis abundant with real solutions to the present problems of gambling and speculation. It provides directions to SharÄ «ahscholars and experts of Islamic finance to explore the dimensions of SharÄ «ahin order to integrate risk management practices with value creation. iv. Financial Engineering: Financial engineering aims at designing new and innovative SharÄ «ahcompliant Islamic financial instruments for IFIs including Takaful companies. Chapra and Ahmad (2002) maintain that financial engineering has emerged as the greatest challenge faced by SharÄ «ahscholars of present time as it poses major threat to IFIs to become competitive in the contemporary business environment. Process of giving fatwas by SharÄ «ahscholars regarding the permissibility of a financial instrument is quite slow and over-conservative (Iqbal et al, 1998; pp.47-48) as SharÄ «ahscholars and experts of modern finance have different academic backgrounds. They use technical terms related to their own field that are most of the time not easily understandable to other party. The need is to produce scholars with SharÄ «ahbackground that also have working knowledge of modern finance to meet the acute challenge of financial engineering. v. Islamic Financial Market: Islamic financial market provides a secondary market for trading of Islamic financial instruments. In the absence of this market, it will be extremely difficult for Takafulcompanies to maintain its liquidity position to make prompt claim payments when they become due. Retaining a large portion of Takaful fund to maintain high liquidity ratio will affect the efficiency of the firm and its competitiveness as compared to conventional insurance companies that have ready access to liquid bonds and t-bills. Islamic Financial Market will greatly facilitate the Takafulcompanies to invest large portion of their fund in Islamic financial instruments and increasing their efficiency and competitiveness while maintaining low liquidity ratio. It will also help Takaful companies in hedging market risk by providing alternative instruments to financial derivatives that are not acceptable under Shariah. vi. Need of Private Credit Rating Agencies: Although International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA) has been set up in Bahrain to judge the SharÄ «ahcompliance and financial strength of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) including Takaful companies, it is not be possible for IIRA to rate thousands of counterparties with whomTakaful companies deal. Consequently, it calls for the need of private credit rating agencies in each Muslim country that could provide information related to financial strengthen, fiduciary risk and credit worthiness of thousands of counterparties that privately issue financial instruments (Chapra Ahmed, 2002; pp.80-81). This information could provide great help to IIRA in rating these companies and make it readily available to Takaful companies and other interested parties. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Risk management is of vital importance in Islam and Takaful provides a way to manage risks in business according to SharÄ «ahprinciples. Five types of risks have been identified in Takaful business that affect operational and investment functions of Takaful operator. Operational risk can be managed by enhancing corporate governance culture in the organizations. Cash flow modeling and use of liquidity ratios is quite helpful to identify liquidity constraints. Takaful operators might face difficulty in managing market and credit risks asSharÄ «ahcompliant nature of Takaful contract does not allow Takaful companies to deal with interest rate and financial derivatives due to their speculative nature by which they tend to benefit one party at the loss of other. On the other hand, Islamic financial instruments like cooperative hedging and bi-lateral mutual adjustment aim at providing mutual gains to both parties by the way of risk sharing. Risks associated to Takaful have raised several challenges that need to be encountered to enhance risk management practices. Regular SharÄ «ahaudit is found to be an integral part of effective internal controls that prevent the companies from systemic crisis. Corporate governance calls for independence of BOD to devise policies for effective risk management, make unbiased decisions and resolve issues related to functioning of SSB. SharÄ «ahbased challenges call for devising innovative Islamic financial instruments as SharÄ «ahis abundant with real solutions to present business dilemma and does not hinder creativity. Exploring those solutions will help to meet the challenge of financial engineering. Islamic financial market will greatly facilitate the task of Takaful companies to invest large portion of their fund in Islamic financial instruments and increase their efficiency and competitiveness. There is need to establish private credit rating agencies that could assist IIRA to ra te thousands of counterparties for the benefit of Takaful operators.